Biological Pathway Reviews

By modulating critical gene expression, EZH2 promotes cell cycle progression, cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.¹

Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR) are a gene family of receptor tyrosine kinases that are differentially expressed in a tissue-specific manner throughout development and into adulthood.

FLT-3 is a receptor tyrosine kinase that activates pathways leading to the proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of hematopoietic cells.^1,2 FLT3-ITD mutations and FLT3-TKD mutations can lead to the production of FLT-3 ligands resulting in the activation of FLT-3 and subsequently triggers P

G protein-coupled receptor class C group 5 member D (GPRC5D) is a gene expressed in the hair follicle and malignant bone marrow plasma cells.¹ G protein-coupled receptor proteins are cell surface receptors located in the plasma membrane.

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is 1 of 4 transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor proteins in the epidermal growth factor receptor family.^1,2 Normally expressed on epithelial cellular membranes of organs such as breast and skin, HER2 exists in other tissues, includi

Homologous recombination repair (HHR) is a DNA repair mechanism that removes damaged DNA by acting on double-strand breaks, interstrand crosslinks, and other kinds of DNA damage.¹ DNA damage is repaired with high fidelity by correcting damage with information copied from a homologous undamaged molecule.² Defects in HRR are present in some cancers.³

The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is the essential system within the body to ensure elimination of misfolded proteins.¹ Proteins which are to be degraded are tagged with polyubiquitin chains, which are recognized by 19S.¹ This particle, 19S, along with the 20S proteasome core, form the 26S proteasome overall.¹ One protein the 20S proteasome targe

AKT (protein kinase B) is a serine threonine kinase that plays a pivotal role in regulating many cell processes, including survival, proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, and angiogenesis.¹ Disruptions in the AKT pathway are associated with cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular and neurological diseases.² In breast cancer, AKT is disrupted in up to 70% of cases, making it a valua

ALK is a tyrosine kinase receptor that resides on chromosome 2p23. Chromosomal rearrangements resulting in fusion genes leads to ALK tyrosine kinase that promote cell survival by activating a signaling pathway or by inhibition of apoptosis, which leads to cell proliferation.¹