Escalating Wildfires Amplify Health Risks: How Asthma Sufferers Face Greater Exposure to Smoky Air

Wildfires are becoming more frequent and intense worldwide, with catastrophic fires occurring in places like Maui, Algeria, Chile, and Greece. According to a United Nations report, the number of extreme wildfires researchers estimate a projected rise of wildfires up to 30% by 2050.

Wildfire smoke, propelled by higher temperatures and increased drought, has worsened air quality in many US cities. According to an article published in JAMA, a study found that in 41 continental US states, air quality improvements made since the beginning of the century have stalled or reversed due to wildfire smoke.

“When exposed to wildfire smoke, even over a few days, people may develop a cough, phlegm, or difficulty breathing, according to the EPA. Even if they’re healthy, individuals can experience temporarily decreased lung function and pulmonary inflammation because of PM_^2.5,” said Suran.

Changing climate patterns have disrupted traditional wildfire seasons in places like California and Alaska, leading to more prolonged fire activity.

Wildfire smoke carries health risks due to its fine particulate matter, known as PM_^2.5, which can travel deep into the lungs and bloodstream, causing respiratory problems, headaches, chest pain, and tachycardia. Studies have shown that wildfire-specific PM_2.5 may be particularly toxic and linked to respiratory hospitalizations and dementia risk.

Vulnerable populations, including those with preexisting respiratory conditions, children, older adults, and marginalized communities, are at higher risk from wildfire smoke exposure. It can exacerbate health conditions and even impact mental health and suicide risk. Environmental justice and equity are crucial in addressing the disproportionate harm caused by wildfire smoke to underserved communities.

“Fine particulate matter, which is defined as particles that are 2.5 microns or less in diameter, makes up about 90% of wildfire smoke’s total particle mass, according to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). These particles, referred to as PM2.5, can travel deep into the lungs, where they can cause inflammation. They may also enter the bloodstream and travel to other organs,” said Suran.

Reference
Suran M. Raging wildfires are exposing more people to smoky air—Here’s what that means for health. JAMA. Published online September 21, 2023. Accessed October 18, 2023. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.13606