AHA Issues Guidance on Stroke Triage for EMS Amid COVID-19

Leading stroke experts from the American Heart Association’s Stroke Council today issued a new framework/guidance, “Pre-hospital Triage of Acute Stroke Patients During the COVID-19 Pandemic,” to establish protocols that optimize handling suspected stroke cases before they arrive at a hospital during the ongoing COVID-19 crisis and future pandemics. The article is published in Stroke, a journal of the American Stroke Association, a division of the American Heart Association.

The guidance is focused on ensuring appropriate identification, triage and transportation of suspected stroke patients to the nearest appropriate hospital, and increased collaboration between emergency medical services (EMS) and local hospitals to adapt protocols to meet the needs of their communities.

To achieve these goals, the Council recommends:

• increased interactive videoconferencing (telestroke) networks to assess patients;
• lowering the threshold for transporting stroke patients directly to hospitals capable of providing mechanical clot-removal treatment; and
• considering transporting stroke patients directly to a procedure lab to bypass the emergency room to lessen exposure to infectious disease. 

“During the COVID-19 pandemic, it is more important than ever to ensure that stroke patients are taken to the right hospital that can meet their urgent needs at the outset,” said Mayank Goyal, M.D., professor of radiology and clinical neurosciences at the University of Calgary in Alberta, Canada. “We urge patients to call 911 at the first sign of stroke symptoms to ensure quick assessment and access to treatment. Remember to act quickly if you or anyone else has stroke symptoms. The most common symptoms can be remembered with the acronym FAST: Face drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulty, then it’s Time to call 911. Symptoms come on suddenly and every minute counts when a stroke is suspected.”

The key messages for health care professionals are:

• Timely and enhanced communication between EMS, hospitals and local coordinating authorities are crucial during a pandemic. The current situation also highlights the need for and importance of ambulance-based and facility-based telestroke networks. Given the differences in COVID-19 prevalence, availability of telestroke networks and critical care resources across regions, local triage and transfer protocols will naturally vary.
   
• The main factors to guide the triage decision are a) the likelihood of a large vessel occlusion; b) magnitude of additional delays due to inter-hospital transfer/ workflow efficiency at the primary stroke center (PSC)/Acute Stroke Ready Hospital (ASRH); c) need for advanced critical care resources; and d) available bed/staff/personal protective equipment (PPE) resources at the hospitals.

• … It seems reasonable to lower the threshold to bypass hospitals not capable of acute stroke treatment in favor of transporting to a hospital that is stroke-ready, particularly when patients are severely affected and likely to require advanced care. However, transporting all acute ischemic stroke patients to a comprehensive stroke center (CSC) could overwhelm CSCs and lead to clustering of COVID-19 patients in CSCs.

• … necessary transfers of stroke patients who would benefit from endovascular therapy or neurocritical care needs should be ensured, while unnecessary patient transfers of patients should be avoided. Doing so will likely require local hospital boards and health care authorities to collaborate and establish local guidelines and protocols.

The principles presented in the paper are intended as suggestions and to provide a conceptual framework based on the current status of COVID-19. As such, it is preliminary and will be adapted and updated to meet the evolving needs during the COVID-19 crisis and future pandemics.