Aging Throughout The Years: Exploring aesthetic interventions,
Part One
October 2002
L eonardo da Vinci was the first person to document the concept of how different facial structures appeared in proportion to each other. His findings are well documented in the cosmetic surgical literature.1
Today, we know a lot more not only about how facial structures correspond to each other but also how aging causes the skin, soft tissues and bone structures to change.
As dermatologic surgeons, we must be familiar with the anthropometric approach, which is based on the proportionality of the youthful face, quality of the skin, buoyancy of the subcutaneous tissue and tone of the facial muscles. The relationship of the distinct skin contour in relation to bony landmarks helps define the youthful appearance, and the gradual deviation of these relationships helps define the aging spectrum.
Before you employ any therapy to improve the aging process, you must individually evaluate each facial region with a critical eye and apply the anthropometric principles to reinstate different facial structures to youthful proportions.
In this first part of our continuing article series, we take a look at the basics of the aging face and neck to briefly define structural changes brought on by aging. Understanding these processes will allow the dermatologic surgeon to present interventions that will correspond to the aging processes described in this article. Done at the proper time in a patient’s life, these interventions can be less extensive, yielding excellent results in the appropriate patient group.
But first, a quick refresher on commonly accepted aging models and types.
Aging Models
The aging models emphasize the interplay of different structures in the aging process. For example, the gaunt and hollow look of the aging face is the overall result of not only the laxity of the skin itself, but also the atrophic facial muscles, laxity of the fascia, reduced subcutaneous fat and the reduced bone mass of the cranium.
Aging can be subdivided into intrinsic and extrinsic, depending on the etiology.
• Intrinsic aging is the inevitable aging process due to preprogrammed genetic factors. These changes accumulate over a lifetime — sagging skin, dynamic and static rhytids, and are caused by a decrease in collagen, elastin, filaggrin, vascular response and genetically programmed dermal and subcutaneous tissue atrophy.
• Extrinsic aging is produced by environmental factors such as photoaging caused by UV exposure and rhytid formation in tobacco smokers.2 It’s characterized by mottled pigmentation, rhytid formation and roughened skin texture. Fair-skinned people have earlier onset of photoaging than darker skin patients. Moreover, the quality and the thickness of the skin affect the outcome of the esthetic procedures.
Aging Types
Aging is categorized by the following two types — involutional aging and evolutional aging, respectively.1
It’s important to be aware of these aging types because they warrant significantly different therapeutic approaches, which we’ll outline in upcoming articles.
• Involutional aging is typically seen in patients with normal to thin body builds, and it’s characterized by skin laxity. This is demonstrated when the skin is pinched, it snaps back and displays low recoil (the pinch test). The jowls are an area of the face that develop skin laxity early on in the aging process.
• Evolutional aging is seen in patients who have heavy builds or who are obese. These patients have good skin turgor (good snap back on the pinch test) and excess soft tissue deposition.
Targeting Facial Features and How They Age
The face can be divided into three parts, the upper face (hair, hairline and forehead), the mid face (vertically from eyebrows to nose, including eyes, malar prominences, maxillary area and the cheeks) and the lower face (lips and the chin).
Upper Face
Hair & Hairline. The frontal hairline represents the superior margin of the upper third of the face. Both men and women are affected by the hair loss. Hamilton’s classification and Ludwig’s classification are used to classify the progressive hair loss in men and women respectively.6 In men, hair loss usually starts by a receding frontal hairline followed by thinning of the crown, whereas in females the frontal hairline usually re-mains intact.
Forehead. Someone as young as 20 can start to show the signs of aging in the area of the forehead that encompasses the glabella to the frontal hairline. Dynamic rhytids (lines on movement of muscles) can develop early in a person’s twenties and thirties and can be treated with topical anti-aging agents. When a patient reaches his or her thirties or forties, superficial rhytids become visible even at rest, and lines deepen in a patient’s forties. Eventually, patients in their fifties and older develop very prominent lines or grooves.
Mid Face
The mid face starts at eyebrows and ends at nose. The eyebrows rest on the bony superior orbital rim and can displace downward due to the aging vectors. The eyebrows and eyelids are assessed for aging effects after relaxation of the forehead.
Upper eyelids. Skin redundancies of the upper eyelid usually develop in a patient’s thirties, and are more pronounced in the upper eyelids as compared to lower eyelids. The upper eyelids are also characterized by the loss of crisp definition of the palpebral lines. The upper eyelid skin may rest on the eyelashes when a patient reaches his or her sixties and seventies and eventually may obscure the vision.
Lower eyelids. The lower eyelid folds, nasolabial and buccolabial folds are pronounced as well. In a patient’s forties, glabellar and lateral canthal rhytids are apparent at rest. As the periorbital septa relax due to aging, “herniated fat pads” develop especially in the lower eyelids.
Due to the relaxation of the orbicularis oculi muscle with aging, malar fat pad may reposition inferiorly as well as buccal pad, which dislocates inferomedially and defines the vectors of aging.
Lower Face
Nasolabial fold. The nose, along with lips, nasolabial folds and the chin forms the “muzzle region.”1 The nasolabial crease is visible as a fine line in the youthful face and continuously grows deeper as the face ages. Maxillary retrusion, inferomedial displacement of the buccal fat pad and the loosening of the SMAS are the major causes of the deepening of nasolabial fold.
Jawline. Aging of the “muzzle region” starts with a youthful V-shape of jaw line in a person’s twenties and thirties and progresses through blunting contour with deepening nasolabial folds to a
U-shape appearance of the jawline and eventually resulting in a square U-shape of the jaw line when people reach their fifties and older.
Perioral region. The perioral radial lines (dynamic perioral rhytids) resulting from the repeated contraction of the perioral orbicularis oris sphincter muscle, are a major cause of concern for patients in their forties and fifties, and this problem continues to accentuate.
Lips. Lip volume decreases, especially the upper lip, and the vermilion border flattens with the aging process. In an aging face, the downward formation of both lip angles causes two creases to develop, which extend to the chin forming “marionette lines.”
Chin. Three vectors of aging affect the chin. First, the chin pad becomes ptotic and protrudes forward, accentuating the sublabial sulcus. Second, the lateral neck loses its sharp angle and becomes blunted. Third, the submental round contouring appears. The end result of these changes may result in a prominent chin, which is bulbous and uncomplimentarily termed the “witch’s chin.”
Neck. Platysma muscle is the most important structure for the appearance of the aging neck.1 The aging process starts in a patient’s twenties with the appearance of fine transverse lines and progresses through the blunting of cervicomental and submandibular-sternocleidomastoid angles. Dyschromia and poikiloderma of Civatte are the other important aging manifestations in the neck. Platysmal bands can form later and pose major concern as the individuals continue to age.
Ears. Aging of the ears leads to the lengthening of the auricle and the earlobe, and static wrinkle formation. The lobes can involute when fat loss from aging occurs. In addition, protuberant ears may pose cosmetic issues for teens and adults.
Defining Cosmetic Units in the Body
In addition to the facial analyses, the body fat analysis is extremely important to assess and manage the effects of aging on the body.7,8 Body shapes are generally divided into android body (male-like) and the gynecoid body (the female-like body with curves). While in ancient civilizations, the gynecoid female body with voluptuous curves was the symbol of female beauty, today an android body without voluptuous curves is seen as a sign of beauty.8
Muscle mass as well as the distribution of fat play major roles in defining these body types. The aging process reduces the skeletal muscle mass and muscle tone and body fat deposits increase over time. Frequently, this increase of fat deposits is a cause of concern for aging as well as young patients.
Just as with facial analyses, we can individually assess each body area. But from the treatment point of view, body areas should be managed in cosmetic units. However, these units aren’t as well defined for the body as they are for the face.
We can look at areas of frequent fat deposition in women and group them to define cosmetic units such as these:
• A cosmetic unit could include the posterior arms, lateral/superior bulges and thoracic rolls.
• The thoracic rolls along with flanks/waist, outer thighs (trochanteric bulges) can also make a cosmetic unit.
• Similarly, thoracic rolls, iliac crest rolls, abdomen and pubis can make a cosmetic unit.
• Moreover, crural fat, medial thigh bulge, anterior thigh, suprapatellar region and medial knee can sometimes present as group of fat deposition and may need to be treated simultaneously to achieve the most satisfying outcome.8
Coming Articles
In future articles, we’ll extensively detail rejuvenation techniques for aging skin, ranging from superficial to more invasive techniques. Some highlights will include, but won’t be limited to, face lifting and modified mid-face and neck lifting procedures, facial, neck and body liposuction, blepharoplasty and laser techniques. Look for the next article in this feature series in January.
L eonardo da Vinci was the first person to document the concept of how different facial structures appeared in proportion to each other. His findings are well documented in the cosmetic surgical literature.1
Today, we know a lot more not only about how facial structures correspond to each other but also how aging causes the skin, soft tissues and bone structures to change.
As dermatologic surgeons, we must be familiar with the anthropometric approach, which is based on the proportionality of the youthful face, quality of the skin, buoyancy of the subcutaneous tissue and tone of the facial muscles. The relationship of the distinct skin contour in relation to bony landmarks helps define the youthful appearance, and the gradual deviation of these relationships helps define the aging spectrum.
Before you employ any therapy to improve the aging process, you must individually evaluate each facial region with a critical eye and apply the anthropometric principles to reinstate different facial structures to youthful proportions.
In this first part of our continuing article series, we take a look at the basics of the aging face and neck to briefly define structural changes brought on by aging. Understanding these processes will allow the dermatologic surgeon to present interventions that will correspond to the aging processes described in this article. Done at the proper time in a patient’s life, these interventions can be less extensive, yielding excellent results in the appropriate patient group.
But first, a quick refresher on commonly accepted aging models and types.
Aging Models
The aging models emphasize the interplay of different structures in the aging process. For example, the gaunt and hollow look of the aging face is the overall result of not only the laxity of the skin itself, but also the atrophic facial muscles, laxity of the fascia, reduced subcutaneous fat and the reduced bone mass of the cranium.
Aging can be subdivided into intrinsic and extrinsic, depending on the etiology.
• Intrinsic aging is the inevitable aging process due to preprogrammed genetic factors. These changes accumulate over a lifetime — sagging skin, dynamic and static rhytids, and are caused by a decrease in collagen, elastin, filaggrin, vascular response and genetically programmed dermal and subcutaneous tissue atrophy.
• Extrinsic aging is produced by environmental factors such as photoaging caused by UV exposure and rhytid formation in tobacco smokers.2 It’s characterized by mottled pigmentation, rhytid formation and roughened skin texture. Fair-skinned people have earlier onset of photoaging than darker skin patients. Moreover, the quality and the thickness of the skin affect the outcome of the esthetic procedures.
Aging Types
Aging is categorized by the following two types — involutional aging and evolutional aging, respectively.1
It’s important to be aware of these aging types because they warrant significantly different therapeutic approaches, which we’ll outline in upcoming articles.
• Involutional aging is typically seen in patients with normal to thin body builds, and it’s characterized by skin laxity. This is demonstrated when the skin is pinched, it snaps back and displays low recoil (the pinch test). The jowls are an area of the face that develop skin laxity early on in the aging process.
• Evolutional aging is seen in patients who have heavy builds or who are obese. These patients have good skin turgor (good snap back on the pinch test) and excess soft tissue deposition.
Targeting Facial Features and How They Age
The face can be divided into three parts, the upper face (hair, hairline and forehead), the mid face (vertically from eyebrows to nose, including eyes, malar prominences, maxillary area and the cheeks) and the lower face (lips and the chin).
Upper Face
Hair & Hairline. The frontal hairline represents the superior margin of the upper third of the face. Both men and women are affected by the hair loss. Hamilton’s classification and Ludwig’s classification are used to classify the progressive hair loss in men and women respectively.6 In men, hair loss usually starts by a receding frontal hairline followed by thinning of the crown, whereas in females the frontal hairline usually re-mains intact.
Forehead. Someone as young as 20 can start to show the signs of aging in the area of the forehead that encompasses the glabella to the frontal hairline. Dynamic rhytids (lines on movement of muscles) can develop early in a person’s twenties and thirties and can be treated with topical anti-aging agents. When a patient reaches his or her thirties or forties, superficial rhytids become visible even at rest, and lines deepen in a patient’s forties. Eventually, patients in their fifties and older develop very prominent lines or grooves.
Mid Face
The mid face starts at eyebrows and ends at nose. The eyebrows rest on the bony superior orbital rim and can displace downward due to the aging vectors. The eyebrows and eyelids are assessed for aging effects after relaxation of the forehead.
Upper eyelids. Skin redundancies of the upper eyelid usually develop in a patient’s thirties, and are more pronounced in the upper eyelids as compared to lower eyelids. The upper eyelids are also characterized by the loss of crisp definition of the palpebral lines. The upper eyelid skin may rest on the eyelashes when a patient reaches his or her sixties and seventies and eventually may obscure the vision.
Lower eyelids. The lower eyelid folds, nasolabial and buccolabial folds are pronounced as well. In a patient’s forties, glabellar and lateral canthal rhytids are apparent at rest. As the periorbital septa relax due to aging, “herniated fat pads” develop especially in the lower eyelids.
Due to the relaxation of the orbicularis oculi muscle with aging, malar fat pad may reposition inferiorly as well as buccal pad, which dislocates inferomedially and defines the vectors of aging.
Lower Face
Nasolabial fold. The nose, along with lips, nasolabial folds and the chin forms the “muzzle region.”1 The nasolabial crease is visible as a fine line in the youthful face and continuously grows deeper as the face ages. Maxillary retrusion, inferomedial displacement of the buccal fat pad and the loosening of the SMAS are the major causes of the deepening of nasolabial fold.
Jawline. Aging of the “muzzle region” starts with a youthful V-shape of jaw line in a person’s twenties and thirties and progresses through blunting contour with deepening nasolabial folds to a
U-shape appearance of the jawline and eventually resulting in a square U-shape of the jaw line when people reach their fifties and older.
Perioral region. The perioral radial lines (dynamic perioral rhytids) resulting from the repeated contraction of the perioral orbicularis oris sphincter muscle, are a major cause of concern for patients in their forties and fifties, and this problem continues to accentuate.
Lips. Lip volume decreases, especially the upper lip, and the vermilion border flattens with the aging process. In an aging face, the downward formation of both lip angles causes two creases to develop, which extend to the chin forming “marionette lines.”
Chin. Three vectors of aging affect the chin. First, the chin pad becomes ptotic and protrudes forward, accentuating the sublabial sulcus. Second, the lateral neck loses its sharp angle and becomes blunted. Third, the submental round contouring appears. The end result of these changes may result in a prominent chin, which is bulbous and uncomplimentarily termed the “witch’s chin.”
Neck. Platysma muscle is the most important structure for the appearance of the aging neck.1 The aging process starts in a patient’s twenties with the appearance of fine transverse lines and progresses through the blunting of cervicomental and submandibular-sternocleidomastoid angles. Dyschromia and poikiloderma of Civatte are the other important aging manifestations in the neck. Platysmal bands can form later and pose major concern as the individuals continue to age.
Ears. Aging of the ears leads to the lengthening of the auricle and the earlobe, and static wrinkle formation. The lobes can involute when fat loss from aging occurs. In addition, protuberant ears may pose cosmetic issues for teens and adults.
Defining Cosmetic Units in the Body
In addition to the facial analyses, the body fat analysis is extremely important to assess and manage the effects of aging on the body.7,8 Body shapes are generally divided into android body (male-like) and the gynecoid body (the female-like body with curves). While in ancient civilizations, the gynecoid female body with voluptuous curves was the symbol of female beauty, today an android body without voluptuous curves is seen as a sign of beauty.8
Muscle mass as well as the distribution of fat play major roles in defining these body types. The aging process reduces the skeletal muscle mass and muscle tone and body fat deposits increase over time. Frequently, this increase of fat deposits is a cause of concern for aging as well as young patients.
Just as with facial analyses, we can individually assess each body area. But from the treatment point of view, body areas should be managed in cosmetic units. However, these units aren’t as well defined for the body as they are for the face.
We can look at areas of frequent fat deposition in women and group them to define cosmetic units such as these:
• A cosmetic unit could include the posterior arms, lateral/superior bulges and thoracic rolls.
• The thoracic rolls along with flanks/waist, outer thighs (trochanteric bulges) can also make a cosmetic unit.
• Similarly, thoracic rolls, iliac crest rolls, abdomen and pubis can make a cosmetic unit.
• Moreover, crural fat, medial thigh bulge, anterior thigh, suprapatellar region and medial knee can sometimes present as group of fat deposition and may need to be treated simultaneously to achieve the most satisfying outcome.8
Coming Articles
In future articles, we’ll extensively detail rejuvenation techniques for aging skin, ranging from superficial to more invasive techniques. Some highlights will include, but won’t be limited to, face lifting and modified mid-face and neck lifting procedures, facial, neck and body liposuction, blepharoplasty and laser techniques. Look for the next article in this feature series in January.
L eonardo da Vinci was the first person to document the concept of how different facial structures appeared in proportion to each other. His findings are well documented in the cosmetic surgical literature.1
Today, we know a lot more not only about how facial structures correspond to each other but also how aging causes the skin, soft tissues and bone structures to change.
As dermatologic surgeons, we must be familiar with the anthropometric approach, which is based on the proportionality of the youthful face, quality of the skin, buoyancy of the subcutaneous tissue and tone of the facial muscles. The relationship of the distinct skin contour in relation to bony landmarks helps define the youthful appearance, and the gradual deviation of these relationships helps define the aging spectrum.
Before you employ any therapy to improve the aging process, you must individually evaluate each facial region with a critical eye and apply the anthropometric principles to reinstate different facial structures to youthful proportions.
In this first part of our continuing article series, we take a look at the basics of the aging face and neck to briefly define structural changes brought on by aging. Understanding these processes will allow the dermatologic surgeon to present interventions that will correspond to the aging processes described in this article. Done at the proper time in a patient’s life, these interventions can be less extensive, yielding excellent results in the appropriate patient group.
But first, a quick refresher on commonly accepted aging models and types.
Aging Models
The aging models emphasize the interplay of different structures in the aging process. For example, the gaunt and hollow look of the aging face is the overall result of not only the laxity of the skin itself, but also the atrophic facial muscles, laxity of the fascia, reduced subcutaneous fat and the reduced bone mass of the cranium.
Aging can be subdivided into intrinsic and extrinsic, depending on the etiology.
• Intrinsic aging is the inevitable aging process due to preprogrammed genetic factors. These changes accumulate over a lifetime — sagging skin, dynamic and static rhytids, and are caused by a decrease in collagen, elastin, filaggrin, vascular response and genetically programmed dermal and subcutaneous tissue atrophy.
• Extrinsic aging is produced by environmental factors such as photoaging caused by UV exposure and rhytid formation in tobacco smokers.2 It’s characterized by mottled pigmentation, rhytid formation and roughened skin texture. Fair-skinned people have earlier onset of photoaging than darker skin patients. Moreover, the quality and the thickness of the skin affect the outcome of the esthetic procedures.
Aging Types
Aging is categorized by the following two types — involutional aging and evolutional aging, respectively.1
It’s important to be aware of these aging types because they warrant significantly different therapeutic approaches, which we’ll outline in upcoming articles.
• Involutional aging is typically seen in patients with normal to thin body builds, and it’s characterized by skin laxity. This is demonstrated when the skin is pinched, it snaps back and displays low recoil (the pinch test). The jowls are an area of the face that develop skin laxity early on in the aging process.
• Evolutional aging is seen in patients who have heavy builds or who are obese. These patients have good skin turgor (good snap back on the pinch test) and excess soft tissue deposition.
Targeting Facial Features and How They Age
The face can be divided into three parts, the upper face (hair, hairline and forehead), the mid face (vertically from eyebrows to nose, including eyes, malar prominences, maxillary area and the cheeks) and the lower face (lips and the chin).
Upper Face
Hair & Hairline. The frontal hairline represents the superior margin of the upper third of the face. Both men and women are affected by the hair loss. Hamilton’s classification and Ludwig’s classification are used to classify the progressive hair loss in men and women respectively.6 In men, hair loss usually starts by a receding frontal hairline followed by thinning of the crown, whereas in females the frontal hairline usually re-mains intact.
Forehead. Someone as young as 20 can start to show the signs of aging in the area of the forehead that encompasses the glabella to the frontal hairline. Dynamic rhytids (lines on movement of muscles) can develop early in a person’s twenties and thirties and can be treated with topical anti-aging agents. When a patient reaches his or her thirties or forties, superficial rhytids become visible even at rest, and lines deepen in a patient’s forties. Eventually, patients in their fifties and older develop very prominent lines or grooves.
Mid Face
The mid face starts at eyebrows and ends at nose. The eyebrows rest on the bony superior orbital rim and can displace downward due to the aging vectors. The eyebrows and eyelids are assessed for aging effects after relaxation of the forehead.
Upper eyelids. Skin redundancies of the upper eyelid usually develop in a patient’s thirties, and are more pronounced in the upper eyelids as compared to lower eyelids. The upper eyelids are also characterized by the loss of crisp definition of the palpebral lines. The upper eyelid skin may rest on the eyelashes when a patient reaches his or her sixties and seventies and eventually may obscure the vision.
Lower eyelids. The lower eyelid folds, nasolabial and buccolabial folds are pronounced as well. In a patient’s forties, glabellar and lateral canthal rhytids are apparent at rest. As the periorbital septa relax due to aging, “herniated fat pads” develop especially in the lower eyelids.
Due to the relaxation of the orbicularis oculi muscle with aging, malar fat pad may reposition inferiorly as well as buccal pad, which dislocates inferomedially and defines the vectors of aging.
Lower Face
Nasolabial fold. The nose, along with lips, nasolabial folds and the chin forms the “muzzle region.”1 The nasolabial crease is visible as a fine line in the youthful face and continuously grows deeper as the face ages. Maxillary retrusion, inferomedial displacement of the buccal fat pad and the loosening of the SMAS are the major causes of the deepening of nasolabial fold.
Jawline. Aging of the “muzzle region” starts with a youthful V-shape of jaw line in a person’s twenties and thirties and progresses through blunting contour with deepening nasolabial folds to a
U-shape appearance of the jawline and eventually resulting in a square U-shape of the jaw line when people reach their fifties and older.
Perioral region. The perioral radial lines (dynamic perioral rhytids) resulting from the repeated contraction of the perioral orbicularis oris sphincter muscle, are a major cause of concern for patients in their forties and fifties, and this problem continues to accentuate.
Lips. Lip volume decreases, especially the upper lip, and the vermilion border flattens with the aging process. In an aging face, the downward formation of both lip angles causes two creases to develop, which extend to the chin forming “marionette lines.”
Chin. Three vectors of aging affect the chin. First, the chin pad becomes ptotic and protrudes forward, accentuating the sublabial sulcus. Second, the lateral neck loses its sharp angle and becomes blunted. Third, the submental round contouring appears. The end result of these changes may result in a prominent chin, which is bulbous and uncomplimentarily termed the “witch’s chin.”
Neck. Platysma muscle is the most important structure for the appearance of the aging neck.1 The aging process starts in a patient’s twenties with the appearance of fine transverse lines and progresses through the blunting of cervicomental and submandibular-sternocleidomastoid angles. Dyschromia and poikiloderma of Civatte are the other important aging manifestations in the neck. Platysmal bands can form later and pose major concern as the individuals continue to age.
Ears. Aging of the ears leads to the lengthening of the auricle and the earlobe, and static wrinkle formation. The lobes can involute when fat loss from aging occurs. In addition, protuberant ears may pose cosmetic issues for teens and adults.
Defining Cosmetic Units in the Body
In addition to the facial analyses, the body fat analysis is extremely important to assess and manage the effects of aging on the body.7,8 Body shapes are generally divided into android body (male-like) and the gynecoid body (the female-like body with curves). While in ancient civilizations, the gynecoid female body with voluptuous curves was the symbol of female beauty, today an android body without voluptuous curves is seen as a sign of beauty.8
Muscle mass as well as the distribution of fat play major roles in defining these body types. The aging process reduces the skeletal muscle mass and muscle tone and body fat deposits increase over time. Frequently, this increase of fat deposits is a cause of concern for aging as well as young patients.
Just as with facial analyses, we can individually assess each body area. But from the treatment point of view, body areas should be managed in cosmetic units. However, these units aren’t as well defined for the body as they are for the face.
We can look at areas of frequent fat deposition in women and group them to define cosmetic units such as these:
• A cosmetic unit could include the posterior arms, lateral/superior bulges and thoracic rolls.
• The thoracic rolls along with flanks/waist, outer thighs (trochanteric bulges) can also make a cosmetic unit.
• Similarly, thoracic rolls, iliac crest rolls, abdomen and pubis can make a cosmetic unit.
• Moreover, crural fat, medial thigh bulge, anterior thigh, suprapatellar region and medial knee can sometimes present as group of fat deposition and may need to be treated simultaneously to achieve the most satisfying outcome.8
Coming Articles
In future articles, we’ll extensively detail rejuvenation techniques for aging skin, ranging from superficial to more invasive techniques. Some highlights will include, but won’t be limited to, face lifting and modified mid-face and neck lifting procedures, facial, neck and body liposuction, blepharoplasty and laser techniques. Look for the next article in this feature series in January.
Current Issue
October 2024
Volume 32
Issue 7
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