Restoration of Elbow Flexion in Patients With Complete Traumatic and Obstetric Brachial Plexus Injury After Functional Free Gracilis Muscle Transfer: Our Experience and Management
| Restoration of Elbow Flexion in Patients With Complete Traumatic and Obstetric Brachial Plexus Injury After Functional Free Gracilis Muscle Transfer: Our Experience and Management | |
| a b a | |
aTexas Nerve and Paralysis Institute, Houston; and bHouston Plastic Craniofacial and Sinus Surgery, Houston |
|
Correspondence: drnath@drnathmedical.com |
|
| Keywords: brachial plexus injury, voluntary elbow flexion, biceps muscle function, nerve avulsion, gracilis muscle transfer |
Background: Functional free gracilis muscle transfer is an operative procedure for elbow reconstruction in patients with complete brachial plexus nerve and avulsion injuries and in delayed or prolonged nerve denervation, as well as in patients with inadequate upper extremity function after primary nerve reconstruction. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed our patient records and identified 24 patients with complete brachial plexus nerve injury (13 obstetric, 11 males and 2 females; 11 traumatic, 9 males and 2 females) whose affected arm and shoulder were totally paralyzed and their voluntary elbow flexion or the biceps function was poor preoperatively (mean M0-1/5 in MRC grade). These patients had undergone the functional free gracilis muscle transfer procedure at our clinic since 2005. Results: Ninety-two percent of all patients showed recovery and improvement. Successful free gracilis muscle transfer is defined as antigravity biceps muscle strength of M3-4/5 and higher, which was observed in 16 (8 obstetric and 8 traumatic) of our 24 patients (67%) in this study at least 1 year after functional free gracilis muscle transfer. This is statistically significant (P < .000001) in comparison with their mean preoperative score (M0-1/5). There was no improvement in motor level of the biceps muscle (M0/5) in 2 patients (1 from each group). The donor site of these 24 patients showed no deficit in motor and sensory functions. Conclusions: Taken together, a significant number (92%) of patients in both obstetric and traumatic brachial plexus injury groups had recovery and improvement and most of these patients (64%) achieved antigravity and elbow flexion at least 1 year after free gracilis muscle transfer at our clinic. |
Functional free gracilis muscle transfer (FFGMT) is an operative procedure for restoration of elbow flexion in patients with complete brachial plexus nerve injuries and in delayed or prolonged nerve denervation, as well as in patients with inadequate upper extremity function after primary nerve reconstruction.1-9
In a total or complete brachial plexus injury (CBPI), the entire plexus is injured and that is more devastating. Twenty percent of patients with obstetric brachial plexus injury (OBPI) are CBPI, which severely compromises the patient's overall upper extremity functions and growth.10,11 Traumatic brachial plexus injury (TBPI) is also a severe and devastating condition observed in up to 4.2% of multitrauma victims.12 The management of complete or avulsion (preganglionic lesion) injuries is challenging using mainly nerve transfer or graft procedures in both OBPI and TBPI patients due to its complexity of the injury.
Functional free muscle transfer (FFMT) with nerve transfer has been commonly adopted for gaining elbow flexion in these patients.1-9 Limited donor nerve for nerve transfer and long distances to the target muscle are the main obstacles in these patients. Therefore, the FFMT is the only option to improve their limb function. The functioning gracilis muscle is used as the functional deficit after gracilis harvest is negligible.1
Here, we report the outcomes, in particular, the biceps function/elbow flexion after FFGMT in 24 patients with complete brachial plexus nerve injury (13 obstetric and 11 traumatic) who lost their biceps strength and function.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Inclusion criteria
Both OBPI and TBPI patients, who had no visible biceps function and no elbow flexion, were included.
We retrospectively reviewed our patient records with brachial plexus nerve injury and identified 24 severely paralyzed patients (13 obstetric, 11 males and 2 females; 11 traumatic, 9 males and 2 females) who had no elbow flexion and had undergone FFGMT at our clinic since 2005. The median (18), radial (5), and ulnar (1) nerves reinnervated the transferred gracilis muscle in our patients with brachial plexus injury (BPI) in the present study.
Results were assessed by the MRC grading system. Mean age at the time of surgery was 10 years (range, 5.4-14.2 years) in obstetric patients and 27 years (range, 8-50 years) in traumatic patients. Voluntary elbow flexion or the biceps function was very poor before FFGMT (mean = M0-1/5 in MRC grade) in most of our patients in this study.
Written informed consent was obtained from all patients for publication and accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review on request. This was a retrospective study of patient charts, which exempted it from the need for institutional review board approval in the United States. Patients were treated ethically in compliance with the Helsinki declaration. Documented informed consent was obtained for all patients.
RESULTS
Taken together, a significant number of patients (92%) in both OBPI and TBPI groups had recovery and improvement (Table 1).
| Table 1. Biceps strength and elbow flexion in patients with severe brachial plexus injury after free functional gracilis muscle transfer* | |||||||||
| Patient # | Cause of injury | Previous surgeries | Gender and age at surgery | Time from injury to surgery, y | Nerve used in surgery | Follow-up, mo | Preoperative (M) | Postoperative (M) | Surgical outcomes |
| 1 | OBPI | None | M/7.6 | 7.6 | Median | 18 | 0 | 3 | Achieved AG, but not full extension |
| 2 | OBPI | NT, TT, FO, and HO | M/11.3 | 11 | Median | 12 | 0 | 2 | No AG, but some improvement |
| 3 | OBPI | Steindler flexorplasty, WTT, MQ, osteotomy of the wrist | M/10.7 | 10.7 | Median | 44 | 1 | 3 | Achieved AG |
| 4 | OBPI | NT | M/5.4 | 5.4 | Radial | 38 | 0 | 3 | Elbow flexion, no ROM |
| 5 | OBPI | Primary, MQ, FMT by other surgeon, FO, BTL, TT, WTT | M/8.9 | 8.9 | Median | 44 | 0 | 0 | No change |
| 6 | OBPI | Primary, FO and HO | F/10 | 10 | Median | 81 | 2 | 2 | Worsening overall upper extremity functions with age and growth; gracilis tendon tightening scheduled, may benefit from derotational HO in future |
| 7 | OBPI | NT, MQ, FO, and HO | F/10.1 | 10.1 | Median | 60 | 1 | 3 | Stable overall function and strength |
| 8 | OBPI | Primary, NT | M/18 | 18 | Median | 84 | 0 | 3 | Stable bicep strength |
| 9 | OBPI | Primary, NG, MQ, TT, posterior capsulorrhaphy, FO and HO, BTL | M/5.5 | 5.5 | Median | 100 | 1 | 1+ | Elbow flexion contracture is still present, but no management of this is required now, as overall stable and improved shoulder function and position |
| 10 | OBPI | Primary, exploratory, capsulodesis, MQ, FO | M/10 | 10 | Median | 13 | 2 | 4 | Outstanding outcome |
| 11 | OBPI | Hernia repair, MQ, therapy | M/7.1 | 7.1 | Median | 18 | 0 | 2 | Some improvement |
| 12 | OBPI | C7 NT, derotation osteotomy | M/11.5 | 11 | Radial | 70 | 2 | 3+ | Biceps strength is good |
| 13 | OBPI | NT, BP exploration | M/14.2 | 14.2 | Median | 18 | 1 | 3 | Weaker biceps in 30 mo evaluation than in 18 mo evaluation, will verify therapy records and follow for further evaluation |
| 14 | TBPI | None | F/37.5 | 2 | Median | 34 | 2 | 2 | Weak biceps, will try Botox for triceps; schedule Zancolli lasso for fingers; good strength of FGMT |
| 15 | TBPI | None | M/26 | 4 | Median | 12 | 0 | 1+ | Initial recovery of biceps |
| 16 | TBPI | Tumor removal, pulley procedure neurolysis, PM TT | M/19 | 3.5 | Median | 12 | 0 | 3 | Achieved AG |
| 17 | TBPI | C7 NT | M/21.4 | Radial | 61 | 2 | 4 | Great elbow flexion | |
| 18 | TBPI | Primary, NT, neurolysis | M/29.5 | 6.3 | Ulnar | 23 | 2 | 3 | Achieved AG |
| 19 | TBPI | Too many on head and face | M/17 | 0.8 | Median | 65 | 0 | 4 | Much improved biceps strength |
| 20 | TBPI | None | M/8 | 4.4 | Median | 13 | 0 | 3 | AG |
| 21 | TBPI | C7 NT, therapy | M/25 | 4.7 | Radial | 15 | 0 | 0 | Flicker of gracilis, elbow movement is palpable, but no ROM |
| 22 | TBPI | NT | M/35 | 3 | Median | 66 | 2 | 4 | Excellent result in elbow flexion, not gained original strength of heavy lifting for the job |
| 23 | TBPI | Nerve procedures | F/30 | 6 | Radial | 46 | 2 | 3 | Ongoing stable and excellent elbow flexion recovery; no finger or wrist movement seen, but there is increased tone in all IP joints of fingers |
| 24 | TBPI | Pectoralis transfer by other surgeon | M/50 | 15 | Median | 50 | 0 | 4+ | Ongoing excellent function in bicep strength and elbow flexion |
| Mean | 7.8 | 41.5 | 0.8 | 2.6 | |||||
| SD | 4.4 | 0.9 | 1.2 | ||||||
| P | .000001 | ||||||||
| *OBPI indicates obstetric brachial plexus injury; AG, antigravity; NT, nerve transfer; TT, tendon tightening; NT, nerve transfer; FO, forearm osteotomy; HO, humeral osteotomy; WTT, wrist tendon transfer; MQ, modQuad; ROM, range of motion; FMT, free muscle transfer; BTL, biceps tendon lengthening; TT, triangle tilt; BP, brachial plexus; TBPI, traumatic brachial plexus injury; FGMT, free gracilis muscle transfer; PM, pectoralis major; and IP, interphalangeal. | |||||||||
Successful FFGMT is defined as antigravity biceps muscle strength of M3-4/5 and higher, which was observed in 16 (8 obstetric and 8 traumatic) of our 24 patients (67%) in this study at least 1 year after FFGMT (Table 1 and Figure 1). This is statistically highly significant (P < .000001) in comparison with their mean preoperative score (M0-1/5). There were some recovery and improvement (M1-2/5) in 6 patients (4 from OBPI and 2 from TBPI), but they did not achieve antigravity. There was no improvement in motor level of the biceps muscle (M0/5) in 2 patients (1 from each group).
 |
| Figure 1. (a) A 7-year-old TBPI (MVA) patient with complete loss of left shoulder movements. (b) The same TBPI patient with restored elbow flexion 1 year after FFGMT. (c) A 6-year-old OBPI patient with complete loss of upper extremity movements (left). (d) The same OBPI patient with fully restored elbow flexion 4 years after FFGMT. TBPI indicates traumatic brachial plexus injury; MVA, motor vehicle accident; FFGMT, functional free gracilis muscle transfer; and OBPI, obstetric brachial plexus injury. |
The donor gracilis muscle of these 24 patients showed no deficit in motor and sensory functions.
DISCUSSION
Several authors have described a number of functional muscle transfer surgeries involving latissimus dorsi (LD)13-18 trapezius transfer,18-20 pectoralis major,21,22 rectus femoris muscle,23 and gracilis1-9 to restore elbow flexion and hand and shoulder functions. These authors have reported a range of outcomes in patients with complete or preganglionic severe BPI. For example, Kawamura et al24 reported that 50% of patients did not achieve sufficient elbow flexion after initial LD transfer in a series of 10 patients. The muscle was deemed too long and had to shorten at the distal end of the transfer to achieve better outcomes in this series.24 LD transfer in BPI patients is mainly used to restore external rotation at the shoulder.25 Maldonado et al26 showed 67.7% success in their TBPI patients, achieving elbow flexion after the FFGMT procedure. Gardiner and Nanchahal27 found 91% to 99% success using FFGMT. Yet, other investigators28 reported an overall failure rate of 15.4%.
Hattori et al29 studied comparison between spinal accessory (SAN) and intercostal nerve (ICN) reinnervation and showed that the contraction rate was significantly higher among the transferred muscles reinnervated by the SAN than those by the ICN. We have not found such significant differences in the outcome based on the nerves used in FFGMT in our study patients. We have used a part of the transplanted vascularized median or radial or ulnar nerve as a motor source of a free muscle graft. Chung et al30 achieved 78% success using the gracilis muscle in 23 of their patients following transfer of 3 ICNs. These authors also found a greater increase in elbow flexion when ICNs were transferred to innervate the gracilis flap than ulnar fascicles.
COMPLICATIONS OF FFGMT
Hattori et al31 detected obturator nerve injury associated with femur fracture fixation during gracilis muscle harvesting for FFGMT. The most common late complication reported was fracture of the clavicle (5.4%).28 One of our patients has lost some strength due to tendon lengthening, although gained antigravity function (biceps M3 and above) after FFGMT. This patient was recommended for FFGMT tightening with longer (6-month) immobilization.
CONCLUSIONS
Taken together, a significant number (92%) of patients in both OBPI and TBPI groups had recovery and improvement and most of these patients achieved antigravity and elbow flexion at least 1 year after free gracilis muscle transfer at our clinic.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
R.K.N. conceived of the study, R.K.N. and S.G.B. performed all the surgeries and revised the manuscript. C.S. participated in the design of the study, gathered data, performed the statistical analysis, and drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the patients and families who participated in this study.
1. Addosooki AI, Doi K, Hattori Y. Technique of harvesting the gracilis for free functioning muscle transplantation. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg. 2006;10(4):245-51. |
2. Maldonado AA, Kircher MF, Spinner RJ, Bishop AT, Shin AY. Free functioning gracilis muscle transfer with and without simultaneous intercostal nerve transfer to musculocutaneous nerve for restoration of elbow flexion after traumatic adult brachial pan-plexus injury. J Hand Surg Am. 2017;42(4):293.e1-7. |
3. Chim H, Ng ZY, Carlsen BT, Mohan AT, Saint-Cyr M. Soft tissue coverage of the upper extremity: an overview. Hand Clin. 2014;30(4):459-73, vi. |
4. El-Gammal TA, El-Sayed A, Kotb MM, et al. Free functioning gracilis transplantation for reconstruction of elbow and hand functions in late obstetric brachial plexus palsy. Microsurgery. 2015;35(5):350-5. |
5. Elzinga K, Zuo KJ, Olson JL, Morhart M, Babicki S, Chan KM. Double free gracilis muscle transfer after complete brachial plexus injury: first Canadian experience. Plast Surg (Oakv). 2014;22(1):26-9. |
6. Estrella EP, Montales TD. Functioning free muscle transfer for the restoration of elbow flexion in brachial plexus injury patients. Injury. 2016;47(11):2525-33. |
7. Nicoson MC, Franco MJ, Tung TH. Donor nerve sources in free functional gracilis muscle transfer for elbow flexion in adult brachial plexus injury. Microsurgery. 2017;37(5):377-82. |
8. Akasaka Y, Hara T, Takahashi M. Restoration of elbow flexion and wrist extension in brachial plexus paralyses by means of free muscle transplantation innervated by intercostal nerve. Ann Chir Main Memb Super. 1990;9(5):341-50. |
9. Berger A, Hierner R. [Free functional gracilis muscle transplantation for reconstruction of active elbow flexion in posttraumatic brachial plexus lesions]. Oper Orthop Traumatol. 2009;21(2):141-56. |
10. Shenaq SM, Kim JY, Armenta AH, Nath RK, Cheng E, Jedrysiak A. The surgical treatment of obstetric brachial plexus palsy. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;113(4):54E-67E. |
11. Nath RK, Karicherla P, Mahmooduddin F. Shoulder function and anatomy in complete obstetric brachial plexus palsy: long-term improvement after triangle tilt surgery. Childs Nerv Syst. 2010;26(8):1009-19. |
12. Hou Y, Yang J, Yang Y, et al. Flow-through anastomosis using a T-shaped vascular pedicle for gracilis functioning free muscle transplantation in brachial plexus injury. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2015;70(8):544-9. |
13. Azab AA, Alsabbahi MS. Bipolar transfer of latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap for restoration of elbow flexion in late traumatic brachial plexus injury: evaluation of 13 cases. Ann Plast Surg. 2017;78(2):198-201. |
14. Cambon-Binder A, Belkheyar Z, Durand S, Rantissi M, Oberlin C. Elbow flexion restoration using pedicled latissimus dorsi transfer in seven cases. Chir Main. 2012;31(6):324-30. |
15. Gohritz A, Spies M, Fridén J, et al. [Restoration of active elbow flexion by muscle transfer of the latissimus dorsi]. Oper Orthop Traumatol. 2009;21(2):115-25. |
16. Sood A, Therattil PJ, Russo G, Lee ES. Functional latissimus dorsi transfer for upper-extremity reconstruction: a case report and review of the literature. Eplasty. 2017;17:e5. |
17. Becker MH, Wermter TB, Brenner B, Walter GF, Berger A. Comparison of clinical performance, histology and single-fiber contractility in free neurovascular muscle flaps. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2000;16(7):525-34. |
18. Berger A, Brenner P. Secondary surgery following brachial plexus injuries. Microsurgery. 1995;16(1):43-7. |
19. Elhassan B. Lower trapezius transfer for shoulder external rotation in patients with paralytic shoulder. J Hand Surg Am. 2014;39(3):556-62. |
20. Ruhmann O, Schmolke S, Bohnsack M, Carls J, Wirth CJ. Trapezius transfer in brachial plexus palsy. Correlation of the outcome with muscle power and operative technique. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2005;87(2):184-90. |
21. Elhassan B. Pectoralis major transfer for the management of scapula winging secondary to serratus anterior injury or paralysis. J Hand Surg Am. 2014;39(2):353-61. |
22. Hierner R, Berger A. [Pectoralis major muscle transfer for reconstruction of elbow flexion in posttraumatic brachial plexus lesions]. Oper Orthop Traumatol. 2009;21(2):126-40. |
23. Wechselberger G, Hussl H, Strickner N, Pülzl P, Schoeller T. Restoration of elbow flexion after brachial plexus injury by free functional rectus femoris muscle transfer. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2009;62(2):e1-5. |
24. Kawamura K, Yajima H, Tomita Y, Kobata Y, Shigematsu K, Takakura Y. Restoration of elbow function with pedicled latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap transfer. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2007;16(1):84-90. |
25. Ghosh S, Singh VK, Jeyaseelan L, Sinisi M, Fox M. Isolated latissimus dorsi transfer to restore shoulder external rotation in adults with brachial plexus injury. Bone Joint J. 2013;95-B(5):660-3. |
26. Maldonado AA, Kircher MF, Spinner RJ, Bishop AT, Shin AY. Free functioning gracilis muscle transfer versus intercostal nerve transfer to musculocutaneous nerve for restoration of elbow flexion after traumatic adult brachial pan-plexus injury. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016;138(3):483e-8e. |
27. Gardiner MD, Nanchahal J. Strategies to ensure success of microvascular free tissue transfer. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2010;63(9):e665-73. |
28. Adams JE, Kircher MF, Spinner RJ, Torchia ME, Bishop AT, Shin AY. Complications and outcomes of functional free gracilis transfer in brachial plexus palsy. Acta Orthop Belg. 2009;75(1):8-13. |
29. Hattori Y, Doi K, Ikedu K, Kodama N, Pagsaligan JM. Ultrasonographic evaluation of functioning free muscle transfer: comparison between spinal accessory and intercostal nerve reinnervation. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2006;22(6):423-7. |
30. Chung DC, Carver N, Wei FC. Results of functioning free muscle transplantation for elbow flexion. J Hand Surg Am. 1996;21(6):1071-7. |
31. Hattori Y, Doi K, Saeki Y, Estrella EP, Ikeda K. Obturator nerve injury associated with femur fracture fixation detected during gracilis muscle harvesting for functioning free muscle transfer. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2004;20(1):21-3. |
| JOURNAL INFORMATION | ARTICLE INFORMATION |
| Journal ID: ePlasty | Volume: 17 |
| ISSN: 1937-5719 | E-location ID: e34 |
| Publisher: Open Science Company, LLC | Published: November 21, 2017 |
